Process and apparatus for converting greenhouse gases into synthetic fuels

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to apparatus and methods for converting carbon dioxide and/or methane into higher alkanes and hydrogen gas in a single reaction chamber using a catalyst and microwave radiation.

BENEFIT CLAIMS TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 14/302,594 filed Jun. 12, 2014 in the name of Ben Zion Livneh (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,238,214), which is a divisional of U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 13/653,623 filed Oct. 17, 2012 in the name of Ben Zion Livneh (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,779,013), which claims benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/547,872 filed Oct. 17, 2011 in the name of Ben Zion Livneh. Each one of said applications is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

FEDERAL SPONSORSHIP

Embodiments of the present invention were conceived and developed without Federal aid or sponsorship.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention relate to methods and apparatus for converting natural gas and greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide in particular, into useful fuels.

BACKGROUND

There are widespread concerns regarding the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere and the association of such concentration to climate change. The increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has led to the imposition of new limitations on key sources of carbon dioxide. In parallel, major international efforts have begun to search for a viable solution to the large amounts of carbon dioxide that are produced, and will continue to be created by industry in the near future. In the U.S. alone, 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide are produced annually, and will continue to be produced in the foreseeable future.

It would be desirable to produce methods and apparatus for consuming carbon dioxide to remove the gas from the atmosphere to reduce its effect on climate change. It would also be desirable to produce methods and apparatus to convert the low value and widely-available natural gas into higher value hydrocarbons as a feedstock to oil refineries as a replacement to imported oil.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention feature methods and apparatus for consuming carbon dioxide and/or converting methane to higher value hydrocarbons and/or hydrogen gas. The methods and apparatus use energy, and can be coupled to green energy sources or excess energy to create and store higher value energy compositions.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to an apparatus for producing a product comprising at least one of the group of hydrocarbon having a formula C_(n)H_(z) (where n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is a positive integer between 2n+2 and 2n) and hydrogen gas. The apparatus comprises a reaction vessel for containing a reaction mixture of a gaseous carbon source represented by the letter W, selected from the group consisting of natural gas, CH₄ and CO₂, and water (H₂O), and having a catalyst and at least one microwave energy source. The reaction mixture, in the presence of the catalyst and thermal energy, undergoes at least one reaction comprising: W→C_(n)H_(z)+yH₂; wherein W comprises at least n carbon molecules and n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is a positive integer between 2n+2 and 2n. The carbon source comprises at least some CH₄, and Y is zero or a positive integer to balance the hydrogen. The catalyst is selected from the group of iron, cobalt, copper and nickel containing compounds which upon microwave radiation increase in temperature to produce thermal energy required for the reaction, while also enabling the chemistry. The microwave source is in radiation communication with the vessel for placing thermal energy to the iron-based catalyst and to the reaction mixture to produce at least one hydrocarbon composition having a formula C_(n)H_(z) and hydrogen gas.

The reactions of the present invention do not necessarily produce one singular hydrocarbon but can and do produce one or more alkane compositions and alkenes compositions, saturated and unsaturated. The mixture of hydrocarbons can be subjected to further refining steps known in the art. The relative ratios of hydrogen gas and hydrocarbons and the nature of the hydrocarbons can be controlled by the carbon source, the composition of the catalyst and reaction parameters. As used herein, the term “higher alkane” refers to an alkane and alkenes having two or more carbon atoms.

Embodiments of the apparatus feature a catalyst selected from the group of magnetite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, in a mixture with a catalyst selected from a group of nickel, copper and cobalt. The catalyst is held as a packed or fluidized bed within the reaction vessel.

One embodiment of the present invention features an apparatus wherein the reaction vessel has at least one output conduit for the removal of the hydrocarbon composition product in a continuous process. And, one embodiment features a reaction vessel having at least one reactant input conduit for placing the carbon source and H₂O into the reaction vessel as the carbon source and H₂O are consumed in the reaction to facilitate a continuous process. The at least one reactant input conduit and one output conduit are used to fluidize the catalyst where the catalyst is maintained as a fluidized bed.

The microwave energy source 1s m the nature of a window transparent to microwave emissions. The microwave window is in transmission communication with a microwave emitter. One embodiment of the present apparatus features a microwave energy source powered by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant. Another embodiment features a microwave energy source powered by one or more green power sources. As used herein, the term “green power source” refers to electrical power sources that do not consume carbonaceous fuels such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, and hydrodynamic energy, such as tidal or hydroelectric sources.

A further embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of producing a product comprising at least one of the group of hydrocarbon having a formula C_(n)H_(z), where n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n, and hydrogen gas. The method comprises the steps of forming a reaction mixture of a gaseous carbon source represented by the letter W, selected from the group consisting of natural gas or CH₄ and CO₂, and H₂O in a reaction vessel having a catalyst and at least one microwave energy source. The reaction mixture in the presence of the catalyst and thermal energy undergoes at least one reaction comprising: W→C_(n)H_(z)+yH₂; wherein W comprises at least n carbon molecules and n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is a positive integer between 2n+2 and 2n. The carbon source comprises at least some CH₄, and Y is zero or a positive integer to balance the hydrogen. The catalyst is selected from the group of iron-containing compounds which upon microwave radiation increase in temperature to produce thermal energy, and other catalyst metals selected from nickel, copper or cobalt. The method further comprises the step of placing thermal energy to the iron-based catalyst by the microwave source and to the reaction mixture to produce at least one product comprising a hydrocarbon composition having a formula C_(n)H_(z) and hydrogen gas.

One method features a catalyst selected from the group of magnetite (Fe₃O₄), pyrrhotite (FeS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂). The catalyst is held as a packed or fluidized bed in the reaction vessel.

One method features a continuous process wherein the hydrocarbon composition is removed from the reaction vessel after formation and the carbon source and H₂O are added to the reaction vessel as the carbon source and H₂O are consumed in the reaction.

One method features a microwave energy source powered by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant and/or green energy sources, such as wind energy, solar energy, hydrodynamic energy, or geothermal energy.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon viewing the drawings and reading the text that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an apparatus embodying features of the present invention; and

FIG. 2 depicts an apparatus embodying features of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with respect what is understood to be the best mode. However, improvements and modifications may change the perception of the best mode over time. Further, as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention is subject to modification and alteration without departing from the teaching herein. Therefore, the present description is exemplary and should not be considered limiting.

Embodiments of the present invention feature methods and apparatus for consuming carbon dioxide and/or converting methane to higher alkanes. Carbon dioxide is considered a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. Hydrogen gas is considered a cleaner fuel and is likely to become of greater importance over time. The methods and apparatus use energy and can be coupled to green energy sources or excess energy to create and store higher value energy compositions.

Turning now to FIG. 1, one embodiment of the present invention, directed to an apparatus, generally designated by the numeral 11, for producing a product, comprising at least one of the group of hydrocarbon having a formula C_(n)H_(z), where n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n, and hydrogen gas. The apparatus 11 has a reaction vessel 13 having one or more walls 15 creating a chamber 17.

The chamber 17 contains a catalyst in a fixed catalyst bed 19. FIG. 2 depicts a similar apparatus 11′ in which like components are similarly labeled. FIG. 2 depicts an apparatus 11′ having a reaction vessel 13′ having one or more walls 15′ creating a chamber 17′. The chamber 17′ contains a fluidized catalyst [not shown]. The fluidized catalyst is comprised of small particles suspended in the flow of gases moving through chamber 17′ in a generally upward motion.

The chamber 11 and the chamber 11′, referring to both FIGS. 1 and 2, are for containing a reaction mixture of a gaseous carbon source represented by the letter W, selected from the group consisting of CH₄ and CO₂, and H₂O. Methane is a major hydrocarbon of natural gas. The reaction mixture, in the presence of the catalyst and thermal energy, undergoes at least one reaction, which is described generally in Reaction 1, set forth below: W→C_(n)H_(z)+yH₂  Reaction 1. wherein W comprises at least n carbon molecules and n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n. The carbon source comprises at least some CH₄, and Y is zero or a positive integer to balance the hydrogen. Although presented as a single reaction above, this reaction may take place as a series of steps and represent a generalized summary of the reactions taking place in chamber 11 and chamber 11′.

The conversion of the methane gas content in the natural gas to carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂) is known as Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), set forth below as Reaction 2: CH₄+H₂O→CO+3H₂  Reaction 2. Reaction 2 is an endothermic reaction, which occurs at high temperatures of approximately 1,000 degrees Celsius and utilizes a nickel catalyst.

The conversion of CO and H₂ to hydrocarbons is thought to proceed through a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthesis, which can be expressed as set forth below: mCO+(2m+1) H₂→C_(m)H_(2m+2)+mH₂O  Reaction 3. where m is a positive integer. Reaction 3 is an exothermic reaction, occurring at high temperatures and pressures, utilizing an iron-based catalyst.

The conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide is thought to proceed in a Water Gas Shift Reaction (WGSR) which can be expressed in Reaction 4 as follows: CO₂+H₂→CO+H₂O  Reaction 4. Reaction 4 is also endothermic. This reaction converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas to water and carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is one reactant in the FT Synthesis. Hydrogen gas is another reactant in the FT Synthesis and is a product of SMR reactions.

The catalyst, depicted as a fixed bed 19 or as a fluidized bed of small particles, 1000 microns or smaller that cannot be readily drawn in the apparatus 11′ of FIG. 2, is selected from the group of iron-containing compounds which upon microwave radiation increase in temperature to produce thermal energy. Chalcopyrite under microwave radiation exhibits an increase in temperature at a rate of over 900° C. per minute. The catalyst is selected from the group of iron-containing compounds, magnetite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. In fluidized bed applications such as depicted in FIG. 2, the catalyst is rendered into particles which can be substantially airborne in an updraft of reaction gases and/or inert flue gases. The reaction gases and catalyst particles have a ratio of 10:1 reaction gases to catalyst particles by volume in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the gases to catalyst particles ratio will be different to produce the desired reactor's performance.

In fixed bed applications as depicted in FIG. 1, the catalyst is maintained as larger nonmoving blocks, beads, rings, tiles, open solid structures in the nature of a honeycomb, or the like known in the art. The catalyst can be incorporated or embedded into carriers such as ceramics, glass or the like.

The apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ have a microwave energy source, of which two are shown in each FIGS. 1 and 2, designated 25 a and 25 b in FIGS. 1 and 25 a′ and 25 b′ in FIG. 2. Each microwave source 25 a, 25 b, 25 a′ and 25 b′ is in radiation communication with the respective chambers 17 and 17′ of vessels 13 and 13′ for placing microwave energy to the catalyst which in turn converts it to thermal energy to energize the reaction mixture. That is, the catalyst absorbs the microwave energy and heats up to reaction temperatures.

Each microwave energy source 25 a, 25 b, 25 a′ and 25 b′ comprises a microwave window 27 a, 27 b, 27 a′ and 27 b′ respectively, coupled to a microwave emitter [not shown]. Microwave emitters of an industrial nature and size are known in the art. In the presence of the catalyst irradiated with microwave energy, the reactants form at least one hydrocarbon composition having a formula C_(n)H_(z), where n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n, and hydrogen gas.

The reactions of the present invention do not necessarily produce one singular hydrocarbon but can and do produce one or more alkane and alkene compositions. The mixture of alkanes can be subjected to further refining steps known in the art. The relative ratios of hydrogen gas and alkanes and the nature of the alkanes can be influenced or controlled by the carbon source, reaction parameters and the introduction of other compounds to shift the reactions in favor of a desired end product.

Apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ operate as a continuous process with at least one output conduit 31 and 31′ respectively, in fluid communication with respective chambers 17 and 17′ for the removal of the alkane composition product. Turning now to FIG. 1, the output conduit 31 is in communication with a separation vessel 33. Separation vessel 33 separates the reactants which failed to form product and redirects such reactants via a recycle conduit 35 back to chamber 17. Recycle conduit 35 is thus in fluid communication with the separation vessel 33 and the chamber 17. Apparatus 11 further comprises a product conduit 37 in fluid communication with the separation vessel 33 to remove the hydrocarbon product to storage [not shown] or further processing apparatus [not shown] such as refining apparatus.

Turning now to FIG. 2, apparatus 11′ has an outlet conduit 31′ in fluid communication with chamber 17′ and a cyclone vessel 41′. Cyclone vessel 41′ separates the particulate catalyst forming the fluidized bed carried up and through the outlet conduit 31′ by the flow of product and un-reacted gases. The apparatus 11′ further comprises a catalyst recycle conduit 45′ in fluid communication with the cyclone vessel 41′ to receive particulate catalyst and direct such catalyst to the chamber 17′ to be described below.

Apparatus 11′ has a separation conduit 47′ in fluid communication with the cyclone vessel 41′ and separation vessel 33′. Separation vessel 33′ performs in the manner of the separation vessel 33 described with respect to apparatus 11 to separate product alkanes from reactants which failed to form product and such reactants via recycle conduit 35′ to the chamber 17′. Recycle conduit 35′ is thus in fluid communication with the separation vessel 33′ and the chamber 17′. Product conduit 37′ is in fluid communication with the separation vessel 33′ to remove product alkane as it is formed and carried upward. The product alkane can be further processed and refined by refining apparatus [not shown].

Turning now to both FIGS. 1 and 2, apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ each have at least one reactant input conduit, of which seven are depicted, 51 a-g and 51 a′-g′ respectively, in fluid communication with respective chambers 17 and 17′ of the reaction vessels 13 and 13′. Now, with a focus on FIG. 1, chamber 17 receives the carbon source, such as methane, via input conduit 51 a. Chamber 17 receives carbon source, such as carbon dioxide, via input conduits 51 b-d. Chamber 17 receives water in the form of steam via input conduit 51 e. Chamber 17 receives controlling reactants, such as hydrogen gas, via input conduit 51 f and oxygen via input conduit 51 g.

Similarly, with a focus on FIG. 2, chamber 17′ receives the carbon source, such as methane, and catalyst particles via input conduit 51 a′. The particles are swept up by the updraft of the carbon source and distributed throughout the chamber 17′, held in suspension by the movement of gases. Chamber 17′ receives the carbon source, such as carbon dioxide, via input conduits 51 b′-d′. Chamber 17′ receives water in the form of steam via input conduit 51 e′. Chamber 17′ receives controlling reactants, such as hydrogen gas, via input conduit 51 f′ and oxygen via input conduit 51 g′.

The addition of hydrogen gas via the input conduits 51 f and 51 f′ in apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ respectively, shifts the reaction to the formation of alkanes and the conversion of carbon dioxide where carbon dioxide is a carbon source. The source of the hydrogen gas can be hydrogen gas saved during processes which generate such gas which is then stored for such use, or from other sources. Similarly, the input of oxygen in the system promotes the formation of carbon monoxide, which again favors the formation of hydrogen gas or alkanes.

The carbon dioxide gas is sourced from large producers such as power generating plants, industrial systems such as cement, lime and steel producers, and any large source of carbon dioxide gas. Apparatus 11 reduces the carbon footprint of installations such as coal fired power plants to improve their environmental performance and secure their future as a reliable and inexpensive source of electricity.

Carbon dioxide gas conduits 51 a and 51 a′ in apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ respectively, can carry pure carbon dioxide gas, and can carry carbon dioxide in a mixture of gases containing various mixture ratios, such as in the case of power utility flue gas. Flue gases contain, apart from carbon dioxide, other gases such as water vapors, carbon monoxide and nitrogen gas.

The apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ feature a microwave energy source 25 a, 25 b, 25 a′ and 25 b′ respectively, powered by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant or by one or more green power sources. As used herein, the term “green power source” refers to electrical power sources that do not consume carbonaceous fuels such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, and hydrodynamic energy, such as tidal or hydroelectric sources. The apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ allow the use of green power sources to store energy in upgraded materials for later consumption.

The operation of the apparatus 11 and apparatus 11′ will now be described with respect to a method of producing a product comprising at least one of the group of hydrocarbon having a formula C_(n)H_(z), where n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n, and hydrogen gas. The method comprises the steps of forming a reaction mixture of a gaseous carbon source represented by the letter W, selected from the group consisting of CH₄ and CO₂, and H₂O in reaction vessels 13 or 13′ having, as depicted in FIG. 1, a catalyst 19 and at least one microwave energy source 25 a, 25 b, 25 a′ and 25 b′ respectively. The reaction mixture in the presence of the catalyst and thermal energy undergoes at least one reaction comprising: W→C_(n)H_(z)+yH₂; wherein W comprises at least n carbon molecules and n is a positive integer greater than 1 and z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n. The carbon source comprises at least some CH₄, and Y is zero or a positive integer to balance the hydrogen. The catalyst is selected from the group of iron-, nickel-, copper- and cobalt-containing compounds where at least one selected catalyst composition upon microwave radiation increases in temperature to produce thermal energy. The method further comprises the step of placing thermal energy to the catalyst by the microwave source 25 a, 25 b, 25 a′ and 25 b′ and to the reaction mixture to produce at least one product comprising an alkane.

Thus, embodiments of the present invention have been described with respect to the best mode with the understanding that such embodiments are subject to modification and alterations without departing from the teaching herein. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to the precise details presented herein but should encompass the subject matter of the claims that follow and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for simultaneously consuming carbon dioxide and generating one or more multiple-carbon reaction products, the method comprising: (a) introducing a flow of a gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel; (b) introducing a flow of a gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel; (c) introducing a flow of a gaseous source of water into the reaction vessel; (d) irradiating a catalyst within the reaction vessel with microwave energy so as to heat the catalyst and drive one or more catalyzed reactions that result in consumption of at least a portion of the carbon dioxide and production of the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products; (e) allowing a mixture that includes the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products to flow out of the reaction vessel; and (f) separating at least a portion of the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst includes one or more catalytic materials selected from a group consisting of cobalt, copper, nickel, one or more iron-containing compounds, one or more cobalt-containing compounds, one or more copper containing compounds, and one or more nickel-containing compounds.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst includes one or more of magnetite, pyrrhotite, or chalcopyrite.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein less carbon dioxide leaves the reaction vessel in the mixture than is introduced into the reaction vessel.
 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising recovering, from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel, at least a portion of carbon dioxide present in that mixture, and reintroducing the recovered carbon dioxide into the reaction vessel.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst forms a packed or fluidized bed.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products are removed from the reaction vessel in a continuous process.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein a source of the microwave energy is powered by one or more non-carbon sources or by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein (i) the gaseous source of carbon dioxide includes flue gas or (ii) the gaseous source of methane comprises natural gas.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products includes one or more alkanes or one or more alkenes.
 11. An apparatus for simultaneously consuming carbon dioxide and generating one or more multiple-carbon reaction products, the apparatus comprising: (a) a reaction vessel containing a catalyst; (b) one or more sources of gaseous methane connected so as to introduce gaseous methane into the reaction vessel; (c) one or more sources of gaseous carbon dioxide connected so as to introduce gaseous carbon dioxide into the reaction vessel; (d) one or more sources of gaseous water connected so as to introduce the gaseous water into the reaction vessel; and (e) one or more sources of microwave energy connected so as to introduce microwave energy into the reaction vessel and irradiate the catalyst with the microwave energy, wherein the reaction vessel is structurally arranged so as to: (f) contain with the catalyst a reaction mixture of gaseous methane, carbon dioxide, and water from the respective sources thereof; and (g) allow a mixture that includes one or more multiple-carbon reaction products to flow out of the reaction vessel, the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products resulting from one or more catalyzed reactions driven by heating of the catalyst by microwave irradiation thereof, the one or more catalyzed reactions also resulting in consumption of at least a portion of the carbon dioxide in the reaction mixture.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the catalyst includes one or more catalytic materials selected from a group consisting of cobalt, copper, nickel, one or more iron-containing compounds, one or more cobalt-containing compounds, one or more copper containing compounds, and one or more nickel-containing compounds.
 13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the catalyst includes one or more of magnetite, pyrrhotite, or chalcopyrite.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein less carbon dioxide leaves the reaction vessel in the mixture than is introduced into the reaction vessel.
 15. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the reaction chamber is structurally arranged so as to enable recovery, from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel, of at least a portion of carbon dioxide present in that mixture, and reintroduction of the recovered carbon dioxide into the reaction vessel.
 16. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the catalyst forms a packed or fluidized bed.
 17. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products are removed from the reaction vessel in a continuous process.
 18. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the microwave energy source is powered by one or more non-carbon sources or by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant.
 19. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein (i) the gaseous source of carbon dioxide includes flue gas or (ii) the gaseous source of methane comprises natural gas.
 20. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the one or more multiple-carbon reaction products includes one or more alkanes or one or more alkenes. 